MEDIA RELEASE BY NOAA
NOAA climate experts say the strengthening El Niño could mean a greater chance of late-season tropical cyclone development in the central Pacific, more high surf and less rainfall for the Hawaiian Islands during the upcoming wet season, which normally runs from October through April.
“Following the hurricane season, the presence of El Niño is expected to bring drier than normal conditions for the remainder of the wet season,†said Kevin Kodama, senior service hydrologist at NOAA’s Honolulu Forecast Office. “Drier than normal conditions will worsen existing severe to extreme drought over portions of the State if early wet season rainfall in October and November does not materialize.â€
Current sea surface temperatures and computer models point to a continued strengthening of El Niño conditions through the upcoming winter season. Buoy and satellite data indicate sea surface temperatures were at least 1.0 degree Celsius above average across much of the central and east-central equatorial Pacific.
The central Pacific has already seen an above average number of tropical cyclones during this year’s hurricane season. An El Niño has the potential to create conditions that are ripe for tropical systems to develop near the end of the hurricane season. Hurricane Iwa devastated parts of Hawaii in late November 1982, an El Niño year.
“There is always the possibility for a late season tropical cyclone during an El Niño period,†said Jim Weyman, director of NOAA’s Central Pacific Hurricane Center. “We urge everyone in the State of Hawaii to remain prepared throughout the year.â€
The Territories of Guam and American Samoa and the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands are also subject to weather extremes during El Niño.
NOAA understands and predicts changes in the Earth’s environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and conserves and manages our coastal and marine resources.
MEDIA RELEASE BY NASA
For many people, El Niño means flood-inducing rains or crop-killing drought. El Niño and its counterpart La Niña alter weather patterns across the world. These images show the strongest El Niño and La Niña events of the past twenty years and their impact on rainfall over North and South America. Yearly images from 1985 through 2008 are posted on the Earth Observatory’s World of Change feature El Niño, La Niña, and Rainfall.
The top image pair shows the El Niño event of 1997. El Niño happens when the ocean warms, as illustrated by the streak of purple in the top left sea surface temperature anomaly image. The ocean warms when the west-blowing trade winds weaken. Warm surface water that would otherwise have been blown into the western Pacific builds in the east. The warm water evaporates easily. It also warms the atmosphere, making it easier for storms to form. The top pair of images shows the direct correlation between warm surface waters and rainfall.
The 1997 El Niño was unusually strong. It brought heavy rain to northwest South America and much of the southern United States. Because the warm water that usually fuels rains in the western Pacific (Australia and Indonesia) stayed in the east, the western Pacific cooled. These cooler ocean temperatures caused drought in Australia and Indonesia, just visible as a streak of brown on the far left side of the globe in the 1997 rainfall anomaly image.
The lower image pair shows La Niña in 1988. La Niña occurs when the eastern Pacific off the coast of South America cools. This cooling shows up as a streak of blue in the sea surface temperature anomaly image, lower left.
The unusually cold ocean cools the atmosphere above it. The cool air is dense; it doesn’t rise and form storms easily. As a result, less rain falls over the cold waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The brown tones in the rainfall anomaly image, top right, reveal that the drought reached Peru and Ecuador in northwest South America. The changes in the atmosphere change the flow of winds and weather systems around the world. As the image shows, drought settled over the southeastern United States, the portion of the country that is usually most impacted by El Niño and La Niña. Globally, La Niña causes unusually heavy rain in India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and southeastern Africa.
The sea surface temperature anomaly images compare the average temperature observed by NOAA’s Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer in December, when El Niño and La Niña events are strongest, to the average ocean surface temperatures the sensor observed in all the Decembers between 1985 and 2008. The rainfall anomaly images are from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project, which blends rainfall data from a number of satellites. The images compare December rainfall with the average December rainfall observed between 1979 and 2008.
References
- Herring, D. What is El Niño? NASA’s Earth Observatory. Accessed October 22, 2009.
- National Academies. (2009). El Niño and La Niña: Tracing the dance of the ocean and atmosphere. Accessed October 22, 2009.
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. What is an El Niño? Accessed October 22, 2009.
- Pidwirny, M. (2006). El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition. Accessed October 22, 2009.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Rob Simmon and Jesse Allen, based on data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Caption by Holli Riebeek. Instrument: NOAA-17 POES – AVHRR
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